Two separate bankruptcy procedures exist, both governed by federal law. Chapter 7 Bankruptcy requires the insolvent homeowner in bankruptcy to repay his debt from whatever assets he possesses, unless those assets are lower than state-allowed levels of assets and income. In Chapter 7 Bankruptcy, a home without equity will be counted among these assets, and foreclosed upon. Chapter 13 Bankruptcy, on the other hand, requires the homeowner to repay his delinquent debts over a longer period of time than contracted for, after deducting reasonable living expenses.

The Chapter 13 repayment plan may include the homesteaded sale of the owner’s home, if the home has any equity (such “real owner” situations remain rare in California). Bankruptcy law no longer permits a homeowner’s mortgage to be reduced by a bankruptcy court (a cramdown). However, Chapter 7 Bankruptcy does void any deficiency obligations on recourse mortgage refinancing, just as it voids all unsecured debt whose value exceeds the amount of the homeowner’s nonexempt assets.

In addition to putting an immediate stop to lender collection efforts, the process of filing bankruptcy allows a homeowner to pay delinquent mortgage payments over a three-to-five year period. Troubled homeowners often choose to file Chapter 13 Bankruptcy in order to discharge their non-mortgage (unsecured) personal debts, and then use the newly freed funds to make future payments on their mortgages.

Bankruptcy laws do enforce California homesteads, which range from $75,000 for single homeowners without dependents to $175,000 for the aged or disabled. For those homeowners with equity in their homes, this exemption acts as an incentive to file bankruptcy in order to avoid unsecured debts and free up cash by making it available under the homestead.

On the other hand, the homestead exemption has no effect on the priority or payment of an owner’s mortgage. The bankruptcy process does adversely affect lenders who have obtained involuntary liens (judgment liens) against the homeowner’s title.

The most important aspect of bankruptcy, from the point of view of mortgage lenders, is the “automatic stay” provision. This provision of bankruptcy law also delivers the most direct and immediate results for troubled homeowners. Any owner who files bankruptcy immediately places an automatic stay on all collection efforts, including foreclosure sales.

Lenders prefer to quickly move to a foreclosure sale, take title to the property or what proceeds they can and cut their losses, and are thus hamstrung by the automatic stay provision. They are forced to wait until a bankruptcy court allows them to proceed. The stay provision increases the lender’s costs of dealing with a homeowner who does not maintain his mortgage payments while in bankruptcy.

On average, filing Chapter 7 bankruptcy extends the foreclosure process from six months to a year. Chapter 13 delays the foreclosure sale even longer, often drawing it out to a year and a half. A homeowner who files bankruptcy without the ability to make payments on his mortgage from current income merely extends the time before the eventual foreclosure sale. For the lender, the bankruptcy process increases the risk the home will be damaged or otherwise devalued before the sale takes place, increasing the lender’s eventual loss.

Lenders thus have a vested interest in government regulations that make it difficult for homeowners to obtain relief on their mortgages in bankruptcy, and they intend to keep their hard fought gain of a cramdown-free bankruptcy law intact. They do not want the competition presented by a bankruptcy judge endowed with the power to reset the loan balance at exactly the amount the security for the loan is worth (which, of course, is all the lender can expect to get from foreclosure anyway).

When bankruptcy is unavoidable, lenders want to get out of bankruptcy court as quickly as possible. Often they can be persuaded to agree to a short pay on a sale arranged by the homeowner in order to hasten the process and cut their losses. Bankruptcy can thus be an effective way for homeowners to force the lender’s hand, even if bankruptcy courts lack the essential cramdown authority.

So does filing bankruptcy, and thereby discharging unsecured debt and putting off a potential foreclosure sale, actually help homeowners pay their mortgages, or do the other costs of bankruptcy cancel out the benefits? Evidence is mixed, but homeowners and their attorneys certainly seem to believe that bankruptcy can be beneficial. Troubled homeowners already make up the majority of those who file for Chapter 13 bankruptcy (studies in other states found that over 80% of filers were paying for homes with a loan to value ratio (LTV) over 90%).

Of the total number of homeowners who file bankruptcy, only about 33% successfully kept their homes. It is certain that bankruptcy does, at least on occasion, have a positive effect for those desperate homeowners who turn to it as a last resort, and it is also sure that bankruptcy will almost always have a negative effect for lenders.

Equally important, homeowners who file for bankruptcy will find later that their past bankruptcy interferes with their future ability to get an FHA-insured home loan, since they will be barred from such loans for a two year period (during which time the owner will be a creditworthy tenant for some landlord, if he has a job).
For a more comprehensive look at personal bankruptcy’s role in retaining or losing a home to foreclosure, see Residential Housing and Personal Bankruptcy, from the Philadelphia Federal Reserve.